Private Tour Guide Paris – Customized Private Tours in Paris

Customized Private Tours in Paris with Licensed Local Guide & Hotel Pickup

Private Tour Guide Paris: Featured in Robb Report, I am Emelyne Bonnes (Emy) founder of Paris by Emy, a personal licensed tour guide in Paris, certified by the French Ministry of Culture, and fluent in English after living 5 years in the USA. Trained in sociology and in art history at the Louvre Art School, I offer ultra-customized private tours in Paris according to your aspirations with hotel pickup, private driver options, and VIP services, covering Paris lifestyle, art museums, famous landmarks, foodie tours, day trips and hidden gems. Combining academic expertise with a local perspective, I design exceptional private guided tours through 10+ curated themes tailored to every travel style, from solo travelers, couples, families to intimate groups.

As a boutique travel agency, Paris by Emy works with a fabulous Parisian network of licensed private guides, historians, art specialists and premium agencies, all committed to the highest standards of excellence. Post-graduate, licensed guide and travel planner, I design tailor-made experiences, through exclusive partnerships with prestigious Grandes Maisons, renowned cultural institutions, independent local businesses, chefs, master artisans, designers, boutiques, and visionary entrepreneurs, delivering outstanding customer service.

Every Paris travel itinerary is customized to your wishes. Enjoy skip-the-line access, flexible scheduling, and exclusive VIP experiences that transforms your visit into an unforgettable journey through the art, history, culture, and the Parisian lifestyle.

Alongside classic tours, my signature approach is built by mixing and blending 10+ curated themes, from legendary monuments, history of France, art museums, and sacred sites to French cuisine, mythic districts, castles, gardens, and shopping in one single tour. It is your Paris, tailored entirely to your preferences, ultra-flexible, with expert recommendations.

From managing your budget to optimizing your time and creating the perfect Paris travel itinerary, your personal tour designer help you make the most of every moment.

Credentials & Expertise of Your Personal Tour Guide in Paris – Artistic, Parisian, Franco-American Heritage

I have lived in Paris since 2005, but my connection to this city runs even deeper. My mother was born in Paris, and my grandmother was a painter who graduated from the prestigious Beaux-Arts de Paris before moving to California to marry an American. My great-uncle moved from Germany to USA, while my grandfather settled in Paris. I bring meaningful connections by highlighting shared history through figures such as Lafayette, Franklin, Joséphine Baker, Miles Davis, Hemingway, and Normandy Omaha Beach day trip from Paris.

• 5 years in USA (study, graduate, work) understand Americans perfectly
• 15+ years of experience working with international business corporations
• International travel experience: 18+ countries across the world
• Guide in Paris certified by French Ministry of Culture (official credentials)
• Paris Trip Planner – Custom tours of Paris and exclusive VIP services
• Postgraduate degree – Master of Research (MRes) Sorbonne University
• Graduate degrees from France/US in sociology and cultural mediation
• Fluent in English (listening, reading, writing, and speaking) – Level C1
• Research Study on Contemporary Art Galleries in Paris and Street Art
• Trained at the École du Louvre (France’s premier art history school)
• Specialist in Paris monuments, districts, history and art museums
• 5-star rated, more than 1,000 Hours of guidance for 95% American clients
• Paris resident since 2005 (20+ years local knowledge and business network)
• Parisian heritage (mother Parisian, grandmother Beaux-Arts Paris painter)

With more than 500 satisfied visitors, I have had the privilege of serving 95% clients from the United States, while I also welcome guests from Canada, Europe, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Australia, and New Zealand.

International background, traveled to more than 18 countries

Moreover, I have traveled to more than 18 countries in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. I have been working in Paris since 2005, within international industrial companies. I then decided to follow my passion for connecting with people and sharing the beauty of Paris. Growing up with a Franco-American heritage, extensive cultural travels and spending 5 years living in the United States myself, I bring a unique perspective that allows me to highlight Paris’s must-see landmarks, French culture, history, and off-the-beaten-path private guided experiences.

The Best Private Tours of Paris Are Different for Everyone

The best Paris tours are different for everyone because each traveler has unique interests, passions, pace, and expectations. I also believe that you do not necessarily need to go to the top of the Eiffel Tower, see the Mona Lisa at the Louvre, or visit the grand halls of Versailles to have the ultimate Paris experience. The most memorable Parisian journey is one that is thoughtfully tailored to you, focusing on your interests, expectations, and travel style, with expert recommendations to reveal the best of Paris in a truly personal way.

Emy, Your Personal Guide in Paris – Proudly 5-star rated on Google.

Paris Private Tours for Solo Travelers, Couples, Families & Every Travel Style

Whether you are visiting Paris for the first time or returning, each experience is tailored to make your journey unique, and authentic. All Paris tours are private, flexible, and exclusively for you with your dedicated private tour guide in Paris.

• Solo travelers – Ongoing support before arrival in Paris and during your stay, from the first day to the last day
• Paris tour package for Couples – Romantic Paris tours with hidden viewpoints, intimate bistros, and couple-friendly pacing.
• Paris tours for Families with children – Engaging tours adapted for young travelers with treasure hunts, interactive storytelling, and family-friendly restaurants.
• Small Group – Group of friends –  Fun, flexible tours with gourmet experiences, wine tastings, and vibrant neighborhoods.
• Christian Travelers – Explore the spiritual heritage of Paris through visits to historic churches, sacred art, and meaningful sites.
• Student tours and school trip – Educational and engaging tours designed for student groups, combining history, art, and culture with interactive storytelling.
• Business Travelers – Enjoy efficient, well-planned private tours that fit perfectly into your business schedule, with seamless logistics.

Discover my tailored advice for every type of traveler and travel style. Enjoy the best private tours in Paris designed exclusively around your interests. You work directly with Paris by Emy for personal attention and custom itineraries.

Family & Kids Private Tours in Paris

Traveling with children doesn’t mean sacrificing culture—it means discovering Paris through a different lens. Your licensed guide adapts pacing, storytelling, and museum selection to your children’s ages, turning even the Louvre into an adventure rather than a march past paintings.

Museums Kids Actually Love & Family-Friendly Districts

• Louvre for Kids – A treasure-hunt approach to the Louvre’s icons—Mona Lisa, Venus de Milo, Egyptian mummies—paced for short attention spans
• Musée d’Orsay for Families – Impressionist masterpieces (Monet, Degas, Van Gogh) introduced through color, story, and playful observation games
• Versailles for Kids – The Sun King’s palace brought to life through royal gossip, secret passages, and the Hall of Mirrors
• Cité des Sciences (Cité des Enfants) – Interactive science museum built specifically for young explorers, favorite of curious young minds for over 30 years
• Luxembourg Gardens – Miniature sailboats on the pond, playgrounds, and a classic Guignol puppet show, next to the Pantheon
• Le Marais – The story of Paris through exhibits in Carnavalet museum – free entry and kid-friendly, Picasso museum and Photography museum

Every family tour includes flexible pacing, kid-friendly restaurant stops, and optional treasure hunts or storytelling formats to keep young travelers engaged.

Explore our full family tours page →

Romantic Private Tours in Paris for Couples

Paris has earned its reputation as the City of Love for good reason. Your private tour is designed to weave romance into every stop, whether you are celebrating an anniversary, planning a honeymoon, or simply falling in love with Paris together.

Romantic Experiences to Explore:

• Fine Dining Recommendations – Candlelit bistros, Michelin-starred tables, and hidden gems reserved exclusively for you
• Luxury Shopping Recommendations – Iconic fashion houses, exclusive boutiques, hidden designer addresses, just for you
• Rodin Museum – Home to The Kiss, one of the most famous sculptures dedicated to love, set in a beautiful garden
• Seine River Walk & Private Cruise – Candlelit dinner cruises past illuminated landmarks, or a quiet evening stroll along the bridges
• Champagne Day Trip – Toast your love in the vineyards where the world’s most celebrated wine is born with Reims and Epernay
• Paris by Night – The Eiffel Tower sparkling, quiet squares, and the city at its most enchanting, every hour at sunset for 5 minutes

Every romantic tour can be paired with a marriage proposal, honeymoon itinerary, or Michelin-starred dinner reservation discreetly arranged from start to finish.

Explore our full couples & romantic getaway page →

The Most Popular Private Tours in Paris

• Louvre Museum private tour with art historian and expert cultural insight
• Notre-Dame and Île de la Cité private tour in Paris exploring historic Paris
• Saint Chapelle and the Conciergerie private tour or Saint Chapelle concerts
• Musée de l’Orangerie – Monet’s monumental Water Lilies masterpieces
• Versailles Private tour from Paris with a licensed private guide
• Eiffel Tower private tour & surroundings areas with curated viewpoints
• Arc de Triomphe, French military history at the top of the Champs-Élysées
• Opéra Garnier, a masterpiece of performing arts history and architecture
• Les Invalides Army Museum, Napoleon’s tomb and France’s military museum
• Panthéon, to honor the greatest French scientists, artists, intellectuals and leaders

Miscellaneous & Other Iconic Landmarks in Paris to Explore

Beyond the essential highlights, Paris holds a wealth of lesser-known treasures worth discovering with a private guide.

• Musée Jacquemart-André – An opulent 19th-century private mansion with rotating art exhibitions one of the finest collections of Italian art
• Covered Passages – Galerie Vivienne, Passage des Panoramas & Passage Jouffroy, hidden 19th-century architectural gems
• Père Lachaise Cemetery – The most beautiful and largest cemetery in Paris, resting place of countless historic figures such as Edith Piaf
• Musée de la Vie Romantique – A Romantic-era museum tucked in the charming Nouvelle Athènes quarter, at the foot of Montmartre
• Château de Fontainebleau – A magnificent royal residence with nearly 800 years of French history, ideal for a day trip with private driver
• Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte – The lavish 17th-century château that inspired Versailles palace for Louis XIV, with stunning gardens by Le Nôtre

Each of these sites can be woven into your private tour, adding unexpected depth to your Paris experience.

The Most Popular Combo Tours in Paris with a Private Guide

For travelers with limited time who still want to experience Paris in depth, combo private tours pair two major sites into a single, seamlessly organized day with your licensed guide. Skip the logistics and let your guide handle timing, transitions, and skip-the-line coordination between each stop.

From €650 up to 6 people for a half-day combo, from €950 for a full-day combo with private driver.

• Louvre + Notre-Dame Combo – Morning masterpieces at the Louvre, afternoon exploring Notre-Dame and Île de la Cité
• Louvre + Musée d’Orsay Combo – From ancient and Renaissance art to Impressionist masterpieces in one day
• Versailles + Giverny Combo – Royal splendor at Versailles paired with Monet’s gardens (full-day, private driver included)
• Sainte-Chapelle + Conciergerie Combo – Gothic stained glass and revolutionary history, side by side on Île de la Cité
• Louvre by Night + Seine Cruise Combo – An evening of art followed by illuminated landmarks from the water

While these combos represent popular, classic pairings, each one is fully customizable, swap in any landmark, districts, museum, or theme(s) from our 10+ curated categories to design your own unique combination. Follow your heart, and Paris by Emy will help you create the greatest Parisian experience, tailored to your background, aspirations, and budget.

Design Your Combo Tour →

Exclusive Private Tours in Paris with VIP Service & Travel Planning

Every private tour includes concierge-level VIP service, from a dedicated coordinator and pre-arrival planning to custom itinerary of Paris, skip-the-line access and flexible, hotel-to-hotel logistics. Whether by foot or private car, your licensed English-speaking guide ensures a seamless, exclusively private experience.

• A dedicated tour coordinator – Single point of contact for your Paris experience
• Exchange by email, phone/WhatsApp – Before arrival and during your stay
• Pre-arrival recommendations – Attentive support throughout your stay
• 1 Hour video call – Optional but essential to connect et plan your trip
• Personalized Tour Itineraries – 2-Hour, Half-Day & Full-Day Experiences
• Skip-the-line tickets – Timed entry for key sites, landmarks & museums
• Complete coordination – Custom itinerary, and perfectly optimized timing
• Online Booking & Payments – Credit card, Google Pay, and Apple Pay accepted

Tour Options & Practical Details

• Hotel pickup and drop-off – start and end your tour at your preference
• Half-day and full-day private tours – morning, afternoon, and evening
• Flexible pacing during the tour – allowing adjustments in real time
• Optional private car service – luxury vehicle for comfortable exploration of Paris
• Local expert licensed guide – with authentic storytelling and cultural insight
• Curated recommendations – for restaurants, cafés, boutiques, and hidden gems
• Secure online booking – with payment options (credit card, Apple & Google Pay)
• All tours are exclusively private – ensuring your guide works only with you.

English-Speaking Licensed Private Guides in Paris

• Emy speaks fluent English after living and working in the USA for 5 years
• A network of Paris-based expert local guides English-speaking
• Wide variety of English-language tours in Paris with a private guide

Skip the Buffet of Tours. Choose a Real Parisian Guide.

• Not a Mass-Market Tour Platforms – No booking platforms that offer a “buffet”
• A Guide, Not Just Another Listing – Mass-market platforms rarely know the guides
• A Real Parisian, Not a Marketplace – Authentic local expertise and guidance
• Not a Standardized Product – Your private tour is never another online booking

Exclusive Services Designed to Enhance Your Private Tour

• Unique Paris Travel Itinerary – every day planned with recommendations
• Exclusive airport transfers — seamless arrivals and departures, arranged for you
• Paris Hotel recommendations – Where to stay in Paris, best districts
• Restaurant recommendations & reservations — hidden bistros, Michelin
• Activity suggestions in Paris — cooking classes, wine tastings & more
• Day Trips Coordination – Versailles, Normandy, Champagne, Loire Valley

From the first email to your last day in Paris, every detail is handled with the same care and attention, no gaps, no guesswork, just seamless support throughout your stay. This is what sets Paris by Emy apart: not just a private tour guide in Paris, but your dedicated Paris trip planner, coordinating every logistic so you can simply enjoy the experience and explore France beyond Paris, all the way to the French Riviera.

Contact us to start planning your fully personalized Paris itinerary.

The Most Unique Private Tours in Paris – Tailored to Your Interests across 10+ Curated Themes – The Paris by Emy Signature Experience

Paris by Emy designs your ideal Paris experience through unique private tours, blending 10+ curated themes to match your passions and interests.

• UNUSUAL PARIS – Hidden gems, secret squares, authentic local neighborhoods
• PARIS HISTORY – World War 2, French revolution, kings of France, Napoleon
• BEHIND-THE-SCENES – Fascinating stories of men, women who shaped Paris
• TIMELESS DISTRICTS – Saint Germain, Le Marais, Latin Quarter, La Madeleine
• FRENCH CUISINE – Delicacies, food tour, Parisian restaurants, and cafés
• ART & MUSEUMS – Science, history, art, the Louvre, Orsay, Rodin, Picasso
• SACRED PLACES – Sacred Heart Basilica, Sainte Chapelle, Notre-Dame cathedral
• LANDMARKS – The Pantheon, Les Invalides, Arc de Triomphe, the Eiffel Tower
• SHOPPING – Paris’s shopping scene, from luxury fashion to artisanal treasures
• ENTERTAINMENT – From dazzling cabaret Moulin Rouge to Disneyland Paris
• GREEN PARIS – City’s green spaces, lush parks, gardens and woods
• BEYOND PARIS – Day trip to Versailles, Normandy, Champagne, Loire Valley
• ACTIVITIES TO DO – Cooking class, wine tasting, private cruise, biking tour

Experience the Signature private tours in Paris fully tailored to your preferences.

Private Tour Guide in Paris — From €360 — 3 Hours — Up to 6 Guests

• Private driver option available with an English-speaking licensed guide
• Available year-round with flexible scheduling and fully custom Paris tours

Paris Private Tours Tailored to Your Profile and Budget

Each experience is designed around what you would love to discover, whether on a private walking tour, a museum tour or a driving tour, depending on your preferences and budget, with expert guidance.

If you feel overwhelmed or unsure what to do in Paris, don’t worry — I am here to help. With expert recommendations, insider tips, and personalized advice, I make your Paris experience easier and more enjoyable.

No other tour agency or independent guide in Paris offers the same approach. I offer human-centered experiences, genuine connections, cultural insights, and meaningful exchanges that go beyond typical Paris sightseeing.

Exclusive Signature Private Guided Tours – Paris by Emy

Your tour is set before your arrival with one-on-one exchange.

• Designed from scratch around your interests: never off-the-shelf
• Mix any themes: faith & history, food & landmark, art & shopping
• Combine: Multiple themes for a unique Paris Tour made just for you
• Choose: Several private tours all customizable to explore the city your way
• Your choice: Private walking tour, private car tour, private museum tour in Paris

Each private tour is tailored to your profile, background, and aspirations.

Custom Tours of Paris – Real Examples

See real examples of customized private tours in Paris and get inspired to create a one-of-a-kind experience tailored entirely to you. As your personal licensed tour guide fluent in English, I design tailor-made private tours in Paris, leveraging an exclusive local network.

Example 1: Faith, Feminism & Fashion Private Tour with Expert Local Guide

Private Tour Guide Paris – From Approximately €600

• Culture, Faith and spiritual experience
• Women’s History with Colette and Josephine baker
• Shopping cession in concept stores

PARIS BY EMY was hosting a university professor who was coming to Paris for conferences, accompanied by her daughter and her daughter’s friend. She asked Emy to take them to an early Mass, followed by a private tour in Paris focused on Women’s emancipation through the lives of Colette and the Franco-American artist Josephine Baker, to finish the day with shopping in concept stores that appeal to teenagers.

Example 2: Napoleon & French Revolution Private Car Tour with Your Personal Guide

Private Tour Guide Paris – From Approximately €1,200

• Iconic landmarks with best viewpoints
• Napoleon legacy highlights with luxury car
• Authentic lunch at local bistro loved by Napoleon

Another example: a client requested a 6-hour customized private car tour of Paris with a licensed guide and a chauffeur, focused on Napoleon and the French Revolution, exploring how Napoleon rose to power and ultimately became Emperor. Each stop was carefully curated with in-depth insights into Napoleon’s most iconic sites in Paris—such as his military school, tomb, and monuments—along with the history of the French Revolution.

Example 3: Historic, Gourmet & Shopping Private Walking Tour in Le Marais

Private Tour Guide Paris – From Approximately €480

• Authentic fromagerie with tastings
• Historic bakery tour with croissants
• Market visit with chef recommendations
• French designer products shopping

A mother and daughter asked customized food tour in the trendy Marais to discover delicatessen, French coffee houses, chocolates, most famous pastries in France, perfumes, ready-to-wear and fashionable accessories made by French designers, in Paris during a 3 hour walking tour in Paris. It was a MIX between a food tour, shopping tour and iconic landmarks tour.

Example 4: Christian Art Private Louvre Tour with Professional Tour Guide in Paris

Private Tour Guide Paris – From €500 including skip-the-line tickets

• Louvre Museum with Skip-the-line access
• Museum walk discussing religious history
• Hidden Christian art in the Louvre

A Christian traveler requested a personalized private guided tour of the Louvre museum focused on religious paintings inside the Louvre, exploring the Old and New Testament,  Christ passion, Mary, Saints, Martyrs, miracles through the Louvre museum’s great masterpieces of sacred painting including Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio, Raphael, Georges de La Tour.

Example 5: Writers, Philosophers & Theologians Private Car Tour with Guide Conférencier (Private licensed guide)

Private Tour Guide Paris – From Approximately €1,200

• Literary cafés where famous writers gathered
• Philosophers who shaped modern thought in Paris
• Christian theologians and theological heritage

Last example: A client requested a 4-hour customized car tour exploring literature, philosophy, and theology in Paris. I guided him through the legendary cafés where Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir debated existentialism, to Père Lachaise Cemetery then to the Sorbonne to discuss Saint Thomas Aquinas. We also stopped at Paris’s finest English-language bookstores.

Exceptional Private Tours in Paris – Exclusive, Iconic, & Tailor-Made

Choose experiences that truly resonate with you, instead of following touristy attractions with rigid itineraries or one-size-fits-all tours.

Paris Beyond the Guidebook – Unique Parisian Experiences

• Unusual things to do in Paris – The catacombs, Montmartre museum
• Food tour in Paris – perfect private tour with local guide for foodies
• Parisian Art Galleries – Galerie Perrotin, Kamel Mennour, Street art
• Romantic Tours –  By the Seine River, hidden squares for couples
• Paris Parks and Gardens – Perfect for family with kids to explore
• Biking Tour in Paris – Private tour with an electric bike and guide

Private Tours in Paris for the Connoisseur Traveler

• Impressionism Deep-Dive Tour – Monet in Giverny, Renoir, Degas, Manet
• Architecture & Engineering Tour – Eiffel Tower, Haussmann, Gothic, Medieval
• Famous writers in Paris – Philosophers, Voltaire, Hemingway and Victor Hugo
• Movie and TV series tour in Paris – Emily in Paris, Ratatouille, The Untouchables
• Luxury shopping tour – with a sales advisor dedicated & private driver service
• Photography Tour – Best Instagram spots with a professional photographer
• Historical Paris private tour – Explore the rich story of Paris with a historian

Discover the best private guided tours in Paris, 100% private and customized with a licensed local guide.

The Best Private Tour Guides in Paris – Who Are They ?

The finest private guides in Paris are rarely found on websites or booking platforms. They are highly accomplished professionals with exceptional expertise in art, art history, and history, and work directly with ultra-high-net-worth clients and VIP guests at the world’s leading museums and cultural institutions. Alongside their private guiding, many are active researchers bringing a remarkable depth of intellectual insight.

• Independent professionals, not listed on mass-market tour platforms
• Recommended through exclusive networks and personal referrals
• Authors of books or published research on French history, art, or culture
• Historians, researchers, or recognized subject-matter experts
• Trusted by prestigious institutions, museums, embassies, VIP travel advisors
• Passionate storytellers who bring history to life with depth, and accuracy
• Dedicated to creating custom experiences rather than scripted tours
• Continuously researching and expanding their knowledge to the world

What Are My Passions, Expertise and Professional Experience ?

I am a licensed private tour guide in Paris and personally lead most of my tours. With more than 1,000 hours of guiding experience and over 500 guests welcomed, I specialize in creating insightful, highly personalized experiences centered on the aspects of Paris I know and love best.

My expertise includes French history, Paris’s hidden gem museums, Impressionnism, religious art from the medieval period and the Renaissance, as well as modern art, historic neighborhoods, legendary landmarks, the lives of remarkable French figures, Paris architecture, French Cuisine & dining in Paris, shopping & fashion, and the city’s rich artistic and artisanal heritage.

What is the Difference Between a Licensed Guide and a Private Tour Guide in Paris, France

A licensed tour guide (Guide Conférencier) is certified by the French Ministry of Tourism or Culture after completing a Bachelor’s degree in outdoors and indoors tour guiding. Only licensed tour guides are authorized to conduct private tours inside museums or landmarks.

• Diverse Professional Backgrounds – Licensed private tour guides come from a wide range of fields, including Art History, History, Cultural Mediation, Fine Arts, Hospitality, and many other professions.
• Expert Knowledge and Training – Each licensed guide brings specialized expertise such as the Louvre, Versailles, offering insights shaped by their personalities, academic and professional experience.
• Officially Licensed in France – Licensed tour guides are certified professionals authorized to interpret and present France’s cultural and historical heritage, including museums and landmarks, nationwide.
• Ambassadors of French Heritage – In France, licensed guides play a key role in preserving, promoting, and sharing the country’s rich cultural heritage with French visitors and from around the world.

Private Licensed Tour Guide in Paris

I bring deep knowledge, expertise, and a passion for creating personalized experiences. As Emelyne Bonnes (Emy) founder of Paris by Emy member of the National Federation of Licensed Tourist Guides and a national licensed guide (FNGIC), I design exquisite private tours, including custom travel itineraries, with VIP museum access, and VIP services.

How to choose your Personal Guide in Paris ?

Choosing the right private guide makes all the difference. Consider whether you want a tour guide who simply delivers a scripted tour or an expert guide in traveling to Paris who creates a personalized experience. Make sure the values and personality of your private guide align with your expectations.

The finest private guides in Paris are discovered through trusted networks, not mass-market platforms.

The most important criteria to consider are:

• All tours are 100% private, ensuring a fully personalized experience
• Book with a Paris-based private tour guide for expert local knowledge
• Look for licensed local guides with proven expertise and credentials
• Review authentic testimonials (verified reviews and direct links)
• Prioritize flexibility and customization for the best private tours
• Consider the guide’s personality, approach and type of services

Paris by Emy Reviews and Testimonials from International Travelers

Private tour guide in Paris: Over 70 five-star reviews on Google and one consistent thread: Paris guided tours that felt entirely personal, exquisite, and flawless. High-quality private tours, attention to detail, and how Paris by Emy goes above and beyond to make each Paris tour a unique experience.

Authentic Connection to the City – Paris Is Not a Checklist

My approach is rooted in authentic, cultural tourism and slow travel, with a desire to stay far away from mass tourism and standardized tours. I call them “CLICK CLACK KODACK” tours — predictable, mass-produced experiences where every itinerary, and every story is repeated without personalization. I believe in taking the time to thoughtfully customize each experience, before arrival and throughout the journey, with the flexibility to adapt along the way. My goal is to create genuine connections between my clients and Paris, according to their personality and background because I have a genuine passion for people, culture, travel, and Paris.

Enjoy the Culture of France in Paris, Normandy, Champagne

Discover the people, places, and events that shaped France from kings and queens to amazing icons. Explore the historic districts and relive the defining moments of French history. Walk in their footsteps, visit the places where history was made. Experience the soul of France with day trips from Paris to Normandy, Champagne, the Loire Valley and more.

Hire Your Private Tour Guide in Paris – Expert in Sociology, Art and History

Contact Paris by Emy and let’s have a 1-hour video call about your interests, travel style, and dream trip to Paris. As a licensed guide certified by the French Ministry of Culture, trained at the École du Louvre, and featured in Robb Report, Paris by Emy designs private walking tour, full-day car tour, museum deep-dive, or a complete multi-day Paris experience, with concierge-level service from the first conversation to your final day.

The Best Private Walking Tours in Paris

The perfect Paris walking itinerary blends the grandeur of Notre Dame, the medieval charm of Le Marais, the vibrant energy of Les Halles, the elegance of Rue de Rivoli and the Louvre, along with the intellectual atmosphere of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and the legendary Latin Quarter. Together, these districts create a living timeline of Parisian history spanning nearly 2,000 years.

Private Tour Guide in Paris — From €360 — 3 Hours — Up to 6 Guests

• Private driver option available with an English-speaking licensed guide
• Available year-round with flexible scheduling and fully custom Paris tours

Suggested Private Guided Tour 1: Notre Dame & The Right Bank – Medieval Paris, Royal Power, and Belly of Paris

• Duration: 3-4 hours covering Notre Dame, Le Marais, and Les Halles
• Distance: Approximately 4 km
• Theme: Medieval Paris, aristocratic districts, historic food market

Suggested Private Guided Tour 2: Notre Dame & The Left Bank – Scholars, Philosophers, Writers, and Revolutionary Ideas

• Duration: 3-4 hours covering Notre Dame, Saint Germain and the Latin Quarter
• Distance: Approximately 3.5 km
• Theme: Intellectual Paris, literature, universities, and artistic culture

With Paris by Emy, your personal licensed guides in Paris are trained not only in historical interpretation but also in crafting personalized storytelling experiences. This means every stop becomes more meaningful because it connects directly to your interests. The pacing is also adaptable. Guests can pause for :

• Café breaks
• Photography stops
• Shopping or browsing
• Spontaneous detours
• Flexible stops and itineraries

We can adapt the tour to include lesser-known streets that are not part of traditional itineraries. In short, these walking tours are not just pre-planned routes. Indeed, they are curated Paris experiences shaped around you, making each journey through the Right Bank or Left Bank unique, immersive, and deeply personal.

Private Walking Tour Benefits

A Paris private walking tour is less expensive than a driving tour guide and is perfect for you focus on 2 or 3 historical districts which are next to each other.

• Walking through the charming streets and alleys of Paris provides an intimate perspective. You’ll have the chance to soak in the ambiance of each neighborhood, admiring the intricate details of historic architecture. Moreover, you will be able to stop in a little boutique or café, buy some souvenirs and delicatessen.
• One of the highlights of a private walking tour is the opportunity to uncover hidden gems that are often overlooked. You will be lead to local cafes, vibrant street art, and serene courtyards that embody the authentic spirit of Paris. Expore unusual things to do in Paris with your private tour guide, a local and cultural expert.

Private Walking Tour Drawbacks

While exploring Paris on foot offers many rewards, it also requires physical exertion that may take a lot of energy for everyone. Long walks across the city’s sprawling landscape can be tiring, especially for travelers with mobility issues or health concerns. Overall, a 3-hour private walking tour is well enough for a day.

• Although private walking tour allows for in-depth exploration of specific areas, they may not cover as much ground as a Paris car service. If your goal is to see as many attractions as possible within a limited time frame, a walking tour might not be the most efficient option but a private and bespoke private driving tour.
• Walking tours could be exhausting according to the weather : heatwave, rain, cold winter… With a private car, there is no worry about the weather.

Paris Private City Tours with a Licensed Guide and Driver

Experience Paris in comfort and elegance with a fully customized private car tour, accompanied by a professional VTC driver and a licensed private tour guide.

• Certified driver offering premium service
• Licensed private guide providing personalized experiences
• Sanitized car before every service
• Complimentary bottled water onboard
• Phone chargers available for your convenience
• Child or booster seats available upon request
• Umbrellas at your disposal in case of rain

Paris Highlights Private Tour – The Very Best of Paris

Looking to experience the very best of Paris, thoughtfully tailored to your interests? Whether you wish to explore the city’s most iconic landmarks, wander through its most authentic neighborhoods, or discover its world. Enjoy the freedom of a personalized walking or driving tour, with the flexibility to adjust the pace and itinerary along the way. Explore Paris on a half-day tour or full-day tour with a local guide, featuring the best of Paris.

• Paris Highlights private tour (4-hour experience) with private guide and driver
• Paris Discovery (Full day private tour) with a well balanced itinerary and no rush
• Paris Sightseeing tour to discover the best districts in Paris on foot or by car

We can add hidden gems, off-the-beaten-path places and behind-the-scenes stories. If you want to enjoy Paris without worrying about deciding what to see, my highlights private tours are the perfect choice. With your licensed local guide taking care of everything, you are free to relax and discover the city’s iconic landmarks, charming quarters, and culinary excellence.

The Most Iconic Landmarks in Paris – Louvre, Versailles, Eiffel Tower & More

Discover the icons that define Paris through expertly curated private tours of its greatest landmarks, districts and museums. From the timeless masterpieces of the Louvre to the royal splendor of Versailles, the engineering genius of the Eiffel Tower, and the opulent beauty of the Opéra Garnier, each experience is designed to go far beyond a standard visit. With licensed private guides, skip-the-line access, and engaging storytelling, Paris by Emy transforms famous sites into meaningful cultural experiences tailored to your interests.

100% private tours in Paris designed exclusively around YOUR interests, with local expertise, and academic insights. Your program is fully unique just like you.

Eiffel Tower Private Guided Tour

From €550 per group of up to 4 – US$575 – 2 Hours

Experience the Eiffel Tower with a licensed private guide who brings the history, engineering, and fascinating stories behind Paris’s most iconic landmark to life. Skip the long explanations found in guidebooks and enjoy a personalized journey through the Iron Lady’s remarkable past, from its controversial construction for the 1889 World’s Fair to its status as one of the world’s most celebrated monuments. Whether it’s your first visit or you’re rediscovering the Eiffel Tower, your expert guide will reveal hidden details, architectural secrets, and breathtaking viewpoints that most visitors miss.

• Enjoy skip-the-line access for a seamless visit (subject to ticket availability)
• Explore the Eiffel Tower with a licensed local guide and Paris expert
• Discover the history, and engineering, behind Gustave Eiffel’s masterpiece
• Learn fascinating anecdotes about the tower’s construction
• Customize the experience to match your interests
• Take in spectacular panoramic views over Paris
• Family-friendly experience with engaging stories and interactive discoveries

Louvre Museum Private Guided Tour with Art Historian

From €550 group of 4 – US$575 – 2 Hours

Enjoy a guided tour of the Louvre Museum in Paris with a licensed art history guide, trained at the Louvre School, bringing the museum’s world-famous artworks to life. To see everything would take 3 days non-stop, spending just 10 seconds per artwork. Your personal guide will take you on an immersive journey through the Louvre museum’s most iconic masterpieces, uncovering fascinating stories and historical insights behind each work of art. This personalized Louvre private tour ensures the perfect experience for art lovers, history enthusiasts, or anyone seeking a meaningful exploration of one of the world’s greatest museum.

• Enjoy skip-the-line access for a seamless and enriching visit
• With Art Historians, licensed tour guides, specialists in Antique art
• Academic-level insights into masterpieces, techniques, and historical context
• Ability to customize based on your artistic interests and preferences
• Stories behind the art that bring paintings and sculptures to life
• High-quality tours with the kids on a thrilling treasure hunt in the Louvre

What You’ll Discover at The Louvre with Your Personal Guide:

• Christian art and religious paintings at the Louvre
• Mona Lisa with expert analysis of Leonardo’s technique
• Venus de Milo and ancient Greek sculpture mastery
• Winged Victory and Hellenistic art
• French painting from Watteau to Delacroix
• Egyptian galleries with hieroglyphic interpretation
• Renaissance masterpieces with historical context
• Hidden gems most visitors miss

Book Louvre Private Tour →

Versailles Private Tour with Licensed Guide & Skip-The-Line

From €650 group of 4 – USD $675 – Half Day to Full Day

Step into the grandeur of the Palace of Versailles, a UNESCO World Heritage site and former royal residence of Louis XIV, the Sun King.

• Versailles private tour from Paris with hotel pickup & private driver
• Skip-the-line access to the Palace, Gardens, and Hall of Mirrors
• Explore the stunning Gardens of Versailles, designed by André Le Nôtre
• The Petit Trianon & Queen’s Hamlet where Marie Antoinette found refuge

Book Versailles Private Tour →

VIP Versailles – Private Royal Apartments Access

Beyond the Palace’s public state rooms, Versailles holds a more intimate secret: the private apartments where the kings and queens of France actually lived, away from courtly ceremony. With advance arrangement, your private tour can include exclusive access to these normally closed royal chambers, stepping past the crowds and into the personal world of Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Marie-Antoinette. Paired with skip-the-line entry to the Palace, Hall of Mirrors, and Fountain Gardens, this is Versailles experienced as few visitors ever see it.

Inquire About VIP Versailles Access →

Paris National Opera House Private Tour with a Certified Guide

From €560 up to 6 people for 2 hours

Explore Paris’s legendary opera house, the Opera Garnier with an expert guide specializing in 19th-century architecture and performing arts history. Built by Charles Garnier for Napoleon III, this breathtaking Second Empire masterpiece dazzles with opulent interiors, from the grand marble staircase and Chagall ceiling to the lavish auditorium—inspiring Gaston Leroux’s “Phantom of the Opera.”

What to do and What to see at the National Opera of Paris

• Grand marble staircase – architectural triumph with sweeping double staircases
• Marc Chagall’s 1964 ceiling fresco depicting famous operas and ballets
• Ornate auditorium with red velvet, gold leaf, and crystal chandeliers
• Behind-the-scenes stories of the Phantom legend and underground lake
• Belle Époque glamour, Second Empire extravagance, and theatrical history
• Skip-the-line access with expert architectural and cultural insights

Private Tour Guide in Paris - Paris by Emy

Paris Tour Guide Package – 100% Personalized Paris Experiences

Explore the Best Districts of Paris & Their Monuments with a Private Guide

Experience the most captivating districts with a private guide in Paris, revealing legendary landmarks, hidden gems, rich history, and authentic local charm throughout your journey.

• Notre Dame Île de la Cité and Saint Louis Island are the heart of Paris
• Montmartre – This is the cradle of modern art, spirituality and cabaret
• Saint Germain – Chic and intellectual district of Paris, historical as well
• Latin quarter – The Sorbonne university from the XIII century
• Le Marais – Trendy, arty, boutiques, museums, Jewish corner, LGBT+
• Louvre Rivoli – Architectural ground with of course the Louvre
• Arc de Triomphe Champs-Élysées: Paris Historical Monument
• Eiffel Tower surroundings – The most Iconic and famous area
• Les Halles – The belly of Paris for its food markets from the XIII century
• Opera Madeleine – Upscale district, with luxury boutiques and the Opera
• Belleville Ménilmontant – East Side of Paris, this district is not a touristy one

Private Tour Guide in Paris — From €360 — 3 Hours — Up to 6 Guests

• Private driver option available with an English-speaking licensed guide
• Available year-round with flexible scheduling and fully custom Paris tours

Discover the Greatest Museums in Paris with a Private Art Historian Guide

Discover Paris’s world-renowned museums with a private licensed guide, historian, or art history specialist. Whether you wish to explore the Louvre, Musée d’Orsay, Musée de l’Orangerie, or Musée Carnavalet, each tour is fully tailored to your interests, from iconic masterpieces and Impressionist art to the rich history of Paris. Enjoy an engaging, in-depth experience with expert commentary, personalized itineraries, and exclusive insights designed to bring art, history, and culture to life at your own pace.

• Art Museums – Discover iconic collections at the Louvre Museum, home to masterpieces such as the Mona Lisa and the Venus de Milo; the Musée d’Orsay, renowned for its exceptional Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings by Monet, Van Gogh, and Renoir; or the Musée de l’Orangerie, famous for Monet’s breathtaking Water Lilies and a remarkable collection of modern art.
• History Museums – Step back in time at the Musée Carnavalet, dedicated to the history of Paris from its origins to the present day; the Musée de l’Armée at Les Invalides, showcasing France’s military heritage and Napoleon’s Tomb; or the Conciergerie, the former royal palace and prison where Marie-Antoinette was held before the French Revolution.
• Science Museums – Explore innovation and discovery at the Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie, Europe’s largest science museum with interactive exhibits for all ages; the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, featuring fascinating galleries on evolution, paleontology, and biodiversity; or the Palais de la Découverte, offering engaging hands-on science demonstrations and experiments.

Paris is home to hundreds of museums, offering an extraordinary journey through art, history, science, and culture. Whether you are passionate about world-famous masterpieces, fascinated by French history, or eager to explore scientific discoveries, there is a museum to match every interest. Visitors can choose the experience that suits them best, from an independent visit with an audio guide, to a private guided tour with an historian or art historian who brings the collections to life, or enjoy unlimited access to many of the city’s top museums with the official Paris Museum Pass.

Paris’ Museums with a Private Expert Guide

Private museum tour in Paris starts at €175 per guest for 2 hours, depending on customization. Discover Parisian museums alongside an expert private guide, historian and specialist in art thoughtfully chosen to suit your interests.

• History, art, and science museum with engaging storytelling
• Including skip-the-line tickets and VIP museum access
• Available year-round with flexible start times – up to 6 people

Paris by Emy draws from a distinguished network of trusted local experts she has worked with since 2018. Emy, Founder of Paris by Emy, is also a licensed tour guide providing ultra-exclusive, tailor-made museum tours across Paris. EVERY museum can be arranged by special request, art, history, science with the Louvre for Christian art and Impressionist collections as examples.

Discover the Newest Exhibitions of Paris Museums with your Private Tour Guide

Step into the forefront of Parisian art with the newest exhibitions, curated just for you.

• Discovery of the latest exhibitions with your personal guide
• Exclusive Access: Enjoy private tours with skip-the-line
• Expert Guidance: Licensed guides provide in-depth insights
• Discover art galleries in Paris: From Modern Art to Impressionism

Historical Private Tours in Paris

Historical Paris private tour – From €360 up to 6 people for 3 hours

• With historical monuments, districts and French history
• Private tour with historian and expert guide

The Kings and Queens of France Tour: Royal Power, Intrigue & the Legacy of Versailles

For centuries, France was shaped by powerful monarchs whose ambitions, personalities, and decisions transformed the nation.

Key Figures and Royal Stories:

• Louis XIV, the Sun King – Discover the reign of the most powerful French monarch, who transformed Versailles into a symbol of absolute power, elegance, and royal grandeur.
• Marie-Antoinette – Follow the story of France’s most famous queen, from her luxurious life at Versailles to her role during the French Revolution and her final days at the Conciergerie.
• The Greatest Kings of France – Explore the legacy of French rulers who shaped the country’s art, architecture, politics, and traditions through centuries of royal history.

The French Revolution Tour: A City Transformed

1789 wasn’t just a year, it was a storm, and Paris was its epicenter. Key Sites from the French Revolution Era:

• Place de la Bastille – Once a prison, now a symbol of freedom.
• Conciergerie – Where Marie Antoinette spent her final days.
• Place de la Concorde – Gory past, stunning present.

Paris in World War II Tour: A City Under Siege and Liberation

The Occupation of Paris during WWII left deep scars and heroic stories in its wake.

• Vel’ d’Hiv Memorial – Honoring those deported during Nazi occupation.
• Musée de la Libération de Paris – An underrated gem.

Paris Hidden Gems & Behind-the-Scenes

Discover a more intimate side of Paris through exclusive private tours that go beyond the iconic landmarks. Explore hidden gems, secret places, and behind-the-scenes stories with an expert licensed guide who reveals the authentic Paris known by locals.

Behind-The Scenes Private Tours in Paris – From €360 up to 6 people for 2 hours

A Behind-the-Scenes Private Tour in Paris offers an exclusive and intimate way to experience the city beyond its famous landmarks such as Versailles Palace and the Opera Garnier. Participants gain access to hidden corners, historic ateliers, and lesser-known treasures that are typically off-limits to the public.

Through private behind-the-scenes tours, an expert licensed guide brings Parisian monuments, personalities, and hidden stories to life. From Napoleon’s legendary conquests to Coco Chanel’s revolutionary vision of fashion, the city is filled with fascinating stories waiting to be revealed.

Paris Hidden Gems Private Tours – From €360 up to 6 people for 2 hours

Go beyond the classic Paris itinerary with private guided tours designed for curious travelers seeking authentic experiences, hidden treasures, and meaningful connections. Led by passionate local guides, Paris by Emy offers personalized journeys through secret neighborhoods, and lesser-known corners. Discover a different side of Paris through hidden gems and unusual things to do in Paris.

• Places locals love
• Secret neighborhoods
• Overlooked museums
• Private discoveries
• Authentic experiences

From the elevated greenery of Coulée Verte René-Dumont and the village atmosphere of Butte-aux-Cailles to medieval passages, hidden courtyards, local food markets, and the artistic heritage of the Montmartre Museum, each tour is unique, intimate and crafted around your interests and travel style.

Day Trips from Paris with a Private Guide

From €1,650 per group (up to 6 people) for 1 day trip from Paris

Experience day trips from Paris with a private guide who transforms each journey into an immersive exploration. Travel in comfort with a private driver, discover hidden corners tourists miss, and gain insider context that brings history and culture to life.

Walk the hallowed grounds of Omaha Beach in Normandy from Paris with a private guide and driver

The opulent Palace of Versailles and walk on the steps of the Sun King Louis XIV and Marie-Antoinette Queen

The rolling vineyards of Champagne the King of wines and Houses of Traditions with Veuve Clicquot, Dom Pérignon

The fairytale châteaux of the Loire Valley with the most famous castle of Chambord and where da Vinci rest in Peace.

Visit Monet’s gardens in Giverny and the so famous water lilies

Discover Van Gogh in Auvers-sur-Oise village, and pay tribute to this ultra talented artist’grave in the village

Your day trip is crafted to your interests – whether you are drawn to royal history, wartime heroism, artistic inspiration, or culinary traditions. Depart from your Paris hotel, explore at your own pace, and return with memories that extend far beyond the capital. Each destination tells a different chapter of France’s extraordinary story.

Latest News for your 2026 Trip to Paris

Paris Summer 2026 Recommendations – Heatwave Survival Guide

Summer temperatures in Paris can occasionally reach heatwave levels. To stay comfortable while still enjoying the city, consider mixing your itinerary with air-conditioned attractions, refreshing ice cream stops, shaded parks, and the city’s elegant covered passages. You do not need to go to the Louvre as well, we have hundreds of top art museums in Paris. These recommendations are perfect for escaping the midday heat without missing the best of Paris.

Cool Indoor Attractions

• Aquarium de Paris, one in the park of Vincennes and one near place du Trocadéro
• Atelier des Lumières, a digital art center offering immersive digital exhibitions
• Musée Carnavalet, museum in the Marais telling the story of Paris with free entrance
• Musée du Quai Branly, museum next to the Eiffel Tower about the 5 continents

Ice Cream & Sweet Treats

• Berthillon, Iconic Parisian ice cream with rich, artisanal flavors
• Une Glace à Paris, creative gourmet ice cream and elegant pastry-inspired desserts
• Pozzetto, authentic Italian gelato made with natural ingredients

Parks & Gardens

• Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, scenic park with hills, waterfalls, and panoramic views
• Bois de Vincennes, park featuring lakes, forests, boating, and family-friendly
• Picnics only early morning or after 7 pm in gardens and next to the Seine River

Covered Passages

• Galerie Vivienne, elegant covered arcade with boutiques, cafés, and mosaic floors
• Passage des Panoramas, historic covered passage with restaurants, and shops
• Passage Jouffroy, beautiful glass-roofed arcade featuring bookstores, and cafés

Shopping in Department Stores

• Galeries Lafayette, Iconic department store with luxury brands and stunning dome
• Le Bon Marché, luxury department store known for fashion and gourmet food
• La Defense shopping mall, one of Europe’s largest shopping malls in La Défense

Going to the Cinema for an Original Version Film (English)

• Le Grand Rex (the biggest movie theater)
• UGC Bercy Village
• Gaumont Champs-Élysées

Chilling in a Parisian Café with AC

• Le Zimmer, Classic Parisian brasserie serving French cuisine in elegant surroundings
• Louis Vuitton Café, Luxury café offering refined pastries, and coffee
• Bistrot des Tournelles, Cozy bistro known for traditional French dishes

Trendy Tours with Your Private Guide in Paris

Experience Paris like a local with your private tour guide. Explore the City of Lights beyond the usual tourist trails, uncovering hidden stories, trendy boutiques, stylish cafés, restaurants, and the authentic Parisian lifestyle.  Have a private tour of Paris vibrant culture, stories, cool places free of tourists and for an ultra- personalized tour. There is no better way to enjoy the City of Lights free of tourist traps.

Paris Social Events according to your profile

Moreover, Paris has tones of social events and exhibitions all year long, the festival Paris Plage during summer, Bastille Day Celebration, the illuminations of the Champs Elysées during winter, tones of Fair Trades, National celebrations, harvest festival of Montmartre, sport events such as Tour de France, Roland Garros…

Paris Private Tour Pricing Based on the Level of Customization

Paris by Emy offers high-end private tours designed for travelers seeking expert guidance, comfort, and a fully personalized experience. All tours are led by licensed professionals and priced per experience (not per person in most cases), with a maximum of 6 guests to ensure quality, flexibility, and exclusivity, never mass tourism or scripted group tours, 100% private.

Private Tour Guide Paris – Paris by Emy

• 2-hour private museum tour in Paris – from €175 per person & skip-the-line
• 3-hour private walking tour in Paris – from €360
• 4-hour private driving tour with licensed guide – from €950
• Multi-day Custom Paris itinerary – from €2,500 depending on selected services

Paris by Emy offers a high level of customization for exceptional private tours with your personal tour guide in Paris.

2-hour private museum tour – price per person

Approximately €500 – €600+ for a curated tour with a licensed private guide

• Museum tickets and entry fees are included
• Skip-the-line tickets and fast pass entry
• Highlights private tour and masterpieces

3-hour customized private guided tour on foot

Around €450 and up for a professional guide

• Paris walking tour with an expert local guide
• Hotel pickup and drop-off at your convenience
• Possibility to take the metro, Uber, or taxi if needed
• Custom-made itinerary tailored to your interests
• Flexible adjustments during the tour

Half-day private city tour by car with private guide

With a private driver and licensed guide, prices can rise to €800 – €1,400+

• 4-hour private driving tour of Paris up to 6 persons
• Convenient hotel pickup and drop-off service
• Licensed guide and professional VTC private driver
• Hop-on and hop-off stops at major highlights
• Personalized itinerary with flexible stops

Full-Day Paris Tour – Walking Tour + Private Museum Visit

From €950 – US$1,105 with a licensed private tour guide

• 2-hour Museum Highlights tour with priority skip-the-line access
• 1-hour lunch break to enjoy a relaxed meal at a local restaurant or café
• 3-hour private guided walking tour showcasing Paris’s most iconic landmarks

Full-Day Private Tour of Paris by Car + Private Museum Tour

From €1,450 – US$1,690 with a licensed private tour guide

• 2-hour Museum Highlights tour with priority skip-the-line access
• 1-hour lunch break at a local café or restaurant for a leisurely meal
• 4-hour personalized private city tour by car, exploring Paris’s most famous sights

3-day Paris itinerary with a personalized Paris Tour package

From €2,500 – €3,700+ private guide, skip-the-line tickets and roadmap

These rates are for licensed, experienced guides offering first class private tours in Paris. Prices are usually per tour, limited to 6 persons, for customized private tours, and not scripted tours. No mass tourism, no plaftorm.